Key Terms

Linguistic representation is the word-based means of thinking about and recalling knowledge related to words. Talking and reading presents information linguistically.

Non-linguistic representation is expression using images, sound, touch and movement.

Graphic organizers combine linguistic and non-linguistic modes to present and organize information. Common types include webs, flowcharts and tables.

Manipulatives are concrete objects such as counters, blocks and models

Graphic Organizers

Examples of Common Patterns:

Value of graphic representations: Creating graphic representations of what has been learned helps students store knowledge and enhances their understanding of content. Students benefit from both linguistic and nonlinguistic systems of representation. However, the primary way new information is presented in the classroom is linguistic, delivered through lectures or readings. When teachers help students generate nonlinguistic representations of what they are learning, achievement increases. Indeed, the more students use both systems of representation--linguistic and nonlinguistic-the better they are able to think about and recall knowledge. (Marzano, Pickering, & Pollock, 2001)

Resources for Graphic Organizers: